Victaulic concealed space sprinkler. Aug 19, 2016 · Victaulic’s VicFlex VS1 flexible dry sprinkler combines flexible fittings technology with traditional dry sprinkler technology, providing freeze protection. 1-40: Victaulic FireLockTM Automatic Sprinklers Installation and Maintenance Instructions I-V9: Style V9 Victaulic FireLockTM IGSTM Installation-ReadyTM Sprinkler Coupling Installation Instructions User Responsibility for Product Selection and Buy Victaulic™ FL-RES/DC V2742 concealed residential fire sprinkler. Brass 175F Part: S381PES410. The VK950 COIN® Quick Response Upright Sprinkler is just one of thousands of industry-leading sprinklers available to customers! FireLockTM Series FL-QR/DRY/C Standard Coverage Quick Response Dry Concealed Pendent Sprinklers Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-ECLH/C Extended Coverage, Quick Response Concealed Pendent Sprinklers Browse Victaulic residential fire sprinklers. 1 SI Browse Victaulic extended coverage fire sprinklers. The critical considerations are often whether combustible materials exist (or could exist) and whether there are enough combustibles to pose a fire risk to the building should a fire originate in a concealed space. The orifice design of the Victaulic Model V2502, with a nominal K Mar 1, 2023 · Cover plates for concealed fire sprinklers come in different shapes, sizes & more. 2 SI, available with Style V9 FireLock™ IGS™ Sprinkler Coupling Pendent and Recessed Pendent: V1113, K11. Aug 20, 2019 · Learn how to find a Victaulic escutcheon that's compatible with various Victaulic fire sprinklers including the Model V27, V34, and more. FireLock™ Series FL-ECLH/C Sprinklers V5603, K5. See Figure 3A. Find quick response & standard response dry sprinkler heads in various styles. 03 VICTAULIC - 038250299, S333PCQ028, The model V33 series dry-type concealed pendent sprinkler with threaded cover assembly and 1/2 in. 1 SI V3421, K14. Find expert-curated Sprinkler Heads products from the #1 US plumbing supplier and top distributor of HVAC, waterworks, and MRO products. The firestop material in direct contact with the flexible braided hose will not impede the functionality of the Style VS2 Sprinkler Assembly, provided that the components are installed in accordance with Victaulic's installation instructions. Victaulic® Model V2502 Specific Application Sprinklers are quick-response, specific appli-cation sprinklers for horizontal, combustible interstitial (concealed) spaces. 1 SI V3102, K8. 6K upright sprinklers? QRFS referees a showdown between Viking, Tyco, Victaulic, and Reliable. The VK194 Quick Response Dry Concealed Pendent Sprinkler is just one of thousands of industry-leading sprinklers available to customers! 3 Lengths: 38″ / 955mm 50″ / 1270mm 58″ / 1475mm Sprinkler Configurations: Flat Plate Concealed Pendent Recessed Pendent Sleeve and Skirt Pendent Recessed Sidewall Sleeve and Skirt Sidewall Bracket Styles: UL Listed: Style VB1, Style VB2, Style VB3, Style VB4 FM Approved: Style VB1, Style VB2, Style VB3, Style VB4, Style VB5, Style VBBA Increase sprinkler length within conditioned space, and move water further from freezing conditions. Maximum sprinkler spacing up to 16 feet in concealed spaces with trusses or non-combustible insulation-filled joists. 0) K5. 1 SI V3806, K5. p65warnings. Learn about the equipment needed. adjustment to accommodate concealment needs. 6 Standard Coverage Flexible Wet Sprinkler Select a Connection Type Select a Finish Select a Length (inches) The Short 90° Elbow Reducer is typically used with concealed sprinklers while the Long 90° Elbow Reducer is typically used in the installation of recessed pendent sprinklers. In summary, the V3801 10 Victaulic Concealed Automatic Sprinkler Firelock is a high-quality, reliable, and easy-to-use fire protection solution. 0 REFERENCE MATERIALS Ratings: All glass bulbs are rated for temperatures from -67°F/-55°C. Series VS2 SKU: N/A K5. 1 SI, Quick Response V3201, K5. 1 SI 4. ca. The standard design provides a consistent hemispherical spray pattern. 3 SI, V2740, K4. When the combustible concealed specific application sprinkler is used in an installation with a pitched roof and a flat ceiling, maintain the specified clearances from the sprinkler deflector to the bottom of the upper deck joist and the maximum height of the pipe run to the ceiling in all locations. 5 SI These upright sprinklers are designed for use in specific light-hazard combustible and non-combustible concealed spaces that require sprinkler protection. FireLock™ Series FL-RES/C Sprinklers V4906, K4. 1 SI, Quick Response (FM Approved as 1 V33 Sprinkler only available with Temperature C (155°F | 68°C) or F (200°F | 93°C), Escutcheon Finish 0 (Painted Cold Rolled Steel, Finish Matches Sprinkler Finish), and Escutcheon Style 15 (Concealed). Shop Sprinkler Heads at Ferguson. Refer to the appropriate NFPA National Fire Code or the authority having FireLock™ Series FL-ECOH Sprinklers Upright: V1121, K11. 0 | 11. Expert support, fast delivery! The basic sequence of operation of a concealed sprinkler in a fire condition. 1 SI, V3426, K6. ft. 53 Browse Victaulic dry fire sprinklers. Sprinkler Length • 38"/965 mm, 50"/1270 mm, 58"/1475 mm Nominal Orifice Size • ½"/13 mm Maximum Working Pressure FireLock™ Series FL-ECLH Sprinklers V5614, K5. Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-RES/SW Residential Horizontal Sidewall and Recessed Horizontal Sidewall Sprinklers, K4. 02 Browse Victaulic specific application fire sprinklers. Concealed sprinkler heads are a new way to keep your place safe without ruining its look. Victaulic™ Concealed Pendent Fire Sprinkler FL-SR/C (V3801) Sprinkler Head Listings and Approvals Each FL-SR/C sprinkler is made by Victaulic™, a global leader in fire-suppression products. 1), Buy Victaulic™ concealed fire sprinkler FL-SR/C V3801. 1 SIDEWALL Read and understand all instructions before attempting to install any Victaulic® VicFlexTM Style VS1 Dry Sprinklers. Cold storage applications Viking is a proud world leader in the design and manufacturing of life-saving fire sprinklers. See figure 2c. In a heated space, if a portion of the Style VS1 Dry Sprinkler extends into an unheated space, it shall be installed with a continuous downward slope along the entire length from the inside wall to the outlet end of the dry sprinkler. Use filters to sort products Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-SA/IC Specific Application, Interstitial Combustible Concealed Space, Quick Response, Upright, K5. 2 (6. 0 | 20. 1) 41. The Cleanroom Sprinkler Cover Assembly is just one of the industry-leading sprinkler accessories available to customers! Browse our flexible sprinkler fittings product listings below. 2 | 16. Dry Sprinklers Available: V33, V36 or V40. The VK632 and VK634 Mirage® QREC Concealed Pendent Sprinkler is just one of thousands of industry-leading sprinklers available to customers! Nov 3, 2020 · Finding the correct replacement fire sprinkler escutcheons can seem challenging, but read this post to simplify the process. Jun 19, 2024 · How can you choose between quick-response, 5. . FireLock™ Series FL-SR Sprinklers: Upright: V2861, V4261, V2703, V3401 | Pendent and Recessed Pendent: V2851, V4251, V2707, V3405 In a heated space, if a portion of the Series FL/VS1 Dry Sprinkler extends into an unheated space, it shall be installed with a continuous downward slope along the entire length from the inside wall to the outlet end of the dry sprinkler. The dry sprinkler can bend for accurate and easy installation, keeping the water safely back in the heated space. FireLock™ Series FL-SA/WS Window Sprinklers Quick Response, Window Sprinklers Vertical Sidewall: V2752, K5. 9 | 9. View More Flexible sprinkler drops (also known as flex drops, flex heads, flexible sprinkler hoses, flexible sprinkler pipes, flexible sprinkler connections & flexible sprinkler brackets) are made of a flexible hose material that connects the main water supply to the sprinkler head. com. Jan 1, 2019 · Fire sprinklers come in various orientations and types, and each sprinkler is designed to meet a specific safety, performance, and aesthetic need. Additionally, replacing hard pipe with flexible technology makes it easier to route pipe within crowded interstitial spaces and adjust sprinkler head positioning before and after ceiling installation. adjustment utilizes stainless steel internal components. Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-RES Residential Pendent and Recessed Pendent, Are you worried about fire risks in your home or office? Traditional fire sprinklers can be ugly and ruin your design. FireLock™ Series FL-QR/DRY. 7. These upright sprinklers are designed for use in specific light-hazard combustible and non-combustible con-cealed spaces that require sprinkler protection. FireLock™ Series FL-SA/IC Interstitial Sprinklers V5608, K5. victaulic. 1-40: Victaulic FireLockTM Automatic Sprinklers Installation and Maintenance Instructions I-V9: Style V9 Victaulic FireLockTM IGSTM Installation-ReadyTM Sprinkler Coupling Installation Instructions User Responsibility for Product Selection and Range of wrenches offered designed for specific Victaulic sprinkler frames. Hoses Available: Series AH2-CC, Series AH2. 0) 43. 01 Option 1: Ridge Sprinklers Only • When utilizing this option Series FL-SA/RE sprinklers are used to protect the entirety of the attic space. Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-ECOH Extended Coverage, Standard and Quick Response Upright, Pendent and Recessed Pendent Sprinklers FireLock™ Series FL-RES Sprinklers: V3010, K3. 6 | S. Imagine a fire ruining everything you love, while big sprinkler systems mess up your space’s look. gov VICTAULIC - 038250101, S381PCQ410, This concealed designer style sprinkler allows up to 1/2 in. It features a flat Cover Plate Assembly that conceals the sprinkler operating elements above the ceiling. e. 4. Ensure that the slots in the cup are open and unobstructed following installation. Victaulic FL-QR/C Concealed Pendent Sprinkler Head Introduction | V3802 | Fire Sprinklers | QRFS The KFR-CCS 56 recently received an enhanced cULus Listing: Protection of concealed spaces with trusses without requiring draft curtains. 5 SI V1106, K11. I. Style AB6. All temperatures and finishes at QRFS™. Viking is a proud world leader in the design and manufacturing of life-saving fire sprinklers. 01 Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-ECLH Extended Coverage, Quick Response Pendent and Recessed Pendent Sprinklers K5. It also permits removal of suspended ceiling panels without system Victaulic® FireLock Model FL-QR/C Standard Coverage, Quick Response Concealed Pendent Sprinklers, K5. FireLock™ Series FL-SA/IC Interstitial Sprinklers V5608, K5. 1 SI V3425, K14. 1 SI Concealed Pendent: V5648, K5. Use filters to sort product listings Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-SA/IC Specific Application, Interstitial Combustible Concealed Space, Quick Response, Upright, K5. These upright sprinklers are designed for use in specific light hazard combustible, as well as non-combustible, concealed spaces requiring sprinkler Oct 9, 2024 · The term “flush sprinkler escutcheon” can mean two different things in fire protection & only one must be listed. 4mm) from deck to deck or with double wood joist and composite wood joist construction with a Discover our extensive range of high-quality fire sprinklers designed for every application and configuration. Victaulic VicFlex™ provides flexible fire protection sprinkler fitting systems & connectors including hoses & heads for commercial & industrial applications Viking QR COIN® Sprinklers are quick response specific application sprinklers for combustible interstitial (concealed) spaces (i. 0) 46. Use filters to sort products May 1, 2018 · Cleanrooms used in manufacturing, research & medical facilities require specialized fire sprinklers. 9 K-Factor Concealed Pendent Sprinkler For Ceiling types refer to NFPA 13, 13R or 13D 2013 Editions Dented Or Scratched - Victaulic Model V56 Concealed Fire Sprinkler Cover Plate Escutcheon, Large 3 1/4", White Item has minor scratches or dings on Mar 11, 2025 · Explore concealed spaces in NFPA 13 and their impact on fire safety compliance and design considerations for effective protection. Now, you can keep your space The V33 Dry Concealed Sprinkler incorporates a frangible glass bulb which is located above the ceiling and concealed from view by the ceiling plate. Use filters to sort products Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-RES/C Residential Concealed Pendent Sprinklers, K4. 01 Victaulic Model V2502 Specific Application Sprin-klers are quick-response, specific application sprin-klers for horizontal, com-bustible interstitial (concealed) spaces. 9-4 for details. Victaulic FireLock sprinklers are designed for a wide variety of applications and are available with a wide range of finishes and temperature ratings, aesthetic and performance requirements, see pg. Light | Ordinary. It is Listed as an Extended Coverage Viking is a proud world leader in the design and manufacturing of life-saving fire sprinklers. Victaulic products for CPVC fire protection piping systems SHALL NOT be installed in spaces defined by NFPA 13 as combustible, concealed spaces that require sprinklers, unless the space is protected by sprinklers that are specifically approved for the application. 1 SI V3807, K5. K5. 1 SI VicFlex™ Standard Coverage Sprinkler Series VS2 cULus Listed and FM Approved Quick and Standard Response 2 Lengths: 56″ | 1422mm, 68″ |1727mm Available with Style 108 FireLock™ IGS™ Coupling Connection Pendent and Recessed Pendent: V3202, K5. 5 SI V3412, K11. Fast delivery! Victaulic™ Concealed Pendent Fire Sprinkler FL-SR/C (V3802) Sprinkler Head Listings and Approvals Each FL-QR/C sprinkler is made by Victaulic™, a global leader in fire-suppression products. 10 DIMENSIONS VB3 Concealed Pendent: NOTE • Victaulic VicFlex Style VB3 Bracket assemblies shall be used only with Style VS1 concealed pendent sprinklers. Dec 20, 2016 · Victaulic’s team of expert engineers developed a flexible dry fire sprinkler that is a simpler and safer alternative to traditional dry sprinklers. 2 SI FL-SA/BB Sprinklers Only at Gable/Peak When utilizing this option, Model FL-SA/BB sprinklers are used to protect the entire width of the attic space. Learn about Victaulic sprinkler heads, including technical specs and global approvals. The orifice design of the Victaulic Model V2502, with a nominal K Always verify that the piping system has been completely depressurized and drained immediately prior to installation, removal, adjustment, or maintenance of any Victaulic products. 1 SI Veteran sprinkler contractor David Satterfield of VSC Fire and Security and Raleigh Assistant Fire Marshall Steve Berry opted for VicFlexTM VS1 Dry Sprinkler technology from Victaulic to protect a new multi-family residential building in Raleigh, North Carolina. These hidden systems protect you well but don’t show. 1 SI, Standard Response Concealed Pendent: V3204, K5. Upon the application of sufficient heat, the plate falls to the floor exposing the pendent spray sprinkler. 01: Victaulic Terms and Conditions of Sale I-40: Victaulic FireLockTM Automatic Sprinklers I-V9: Style V9 Victaulic FireLockTM IGSTM Installation-ReadyTM Sprinkler Coupling Installation Instructions Victaulic® Model V2502 Specific Application Sprinklers are quick-response, specific appli-cation sprinklers for horizontal, combustible interstitial (concealed) spaces. Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-SR/C Standard Coverage, Standard Response Concealed Pendent Sprinklers K5. 0), K4. 2 SI, available with Style V9 FireLock™ IGS™ Sprinkler Coupling Jun 6, 2022 · Learning Objectives Understand the basics of NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems requirements for special sprinklers. Filter by categories, K Factor, deflector, hazard, connection type & size, temperature rating, and more. The V33 dry sprinkler is used in special applications such as conditions where sediment or foreign materials might accumulate in ordinary drop nipples. 0 | 4. 10 DIMENSIONS VB3 Concealed Pendent NOTE • Victaulic VicFlex Style VB3 Bracket assemblies shall be used only with Style VS1 concealed pendent sprinklers. 6/8. Learn the difference! Apr 3, 2025 · The sections of NFPA 13 allowing sprinklers to be omitted from concealed spaces can be very specific and confusing. They are provided as information for guidance in avoiding obstructions to sprinklers and should not be used as minimum sprinkler spacing rules for installation. 1 SI V3612, K8. Its concealed design ensures it blends into your space while providing uncompromised fire protection. Light | Ordinary | Extra | Storage. Learn what the options mean to pick the right cover plate. Use filters to sort products Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-QR Standard Coverage, Quick Response Upright, Pendent and Recessed Pendent Sprinklers This includes penetrating through firestop-filled annular space of a firewall. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sprinkler and associated components do not come into contact with paint/coatings and caulking. 0 155F Part: S271NCQH10. 91 1. 1 SI V3414, K14. The span of the attic is measured along the floor (or ceiling of floor below) of the attic space from the peak to the intersection of the top chord and bottom chord of the roof trusses. 1 Viking is a proud world leader in the design and manufacturing of life-saving fire sprinklers. VicFlex™ Style VS1 Dry Sprinkler Models V3505, V3506, V3509, V3510, V3517, V3518 10. Review an example of specialty window fire sprinklers. Designed to respond quickly, Tyco® Series RFII Standard Coverage Sprinklers cover 20 feet x 20 feet —an ideal fit for architecturally sensitive space. 04 Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-ECLH/SWDC Extended Coverage, Quick Response Domed Concealed and Horizontal Sidewall Sprinklers KFR-CCS 56 Combustible Concealed Space Sprinkler WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive Harm - www. 9 | 7. It can bend for accurate and easy installation, keeping the water safely back in the heated space. Extended spray coverage is up to 400 sq. In addition, requirements for sprinkler coverage areas and spacing with minimum flow rates per sprinkler are referenced in the current Victaulic submitt Victaulic is a leading fire protection manufacturer of innovative fire protection products & systems including sprinklers, fire extinguishing & fire suppression systems, pipe couplings & fittings, devices & tools used in commercial, infrastructure & industrial applications to protect people & property The V3802 Victaulic Concealed Automatic Sprinkler Firelock is a high-quality fire protection product designed for concealed installation in various commercial and residential applications. 9 SI 29. The specific de-sign requirements for each Browse Victaulic storage fire sprinklers. 3), K5. The VK4621 Standard and Quick Response Concealed Pendent Sprinkler is just one of thousands of industry-leading sprinklers available to customers! In a heated space, if a portion of the Series VS1 Dry Sprinkler extends into an unheated space, it shall be installed with a continuous downward slope along the entire length from the inside wall to the outlet end of the dry sprinkler. Find quick & open response sprinkler heads for specific applications. Confirm that any equipment, branch lines, or sections of piping that may have been isolated for/ during testing or due to valve closures/positioning are identified, depressurized, and drained immediately prior to l for the applicable sprinkler. Jul 14, 2020 · Choosing fire sprinkler heads shouldn’t be hard. APPLICATION The Model “IC” GL5608 can be designed for installation in CPVC wet pipe sprinkler systems and steel wet pipe or dry pipe sprinkler systems. per NFPA 13 Light Hazard design criteria. Jun 10, 2004 · Original Press Release: New Victaulic V2502 Specific Application Sprinkler Offers Fire Protection in Concealed Spaces EASTON, PA (May 4, 2004) - Victaulic Company has released the Model V2502 Specific Application Sprinkler, a quick-response, specific application sprinkler for horizontal, combustible concealed spaces. Read this ultimate guide to how fire sprinklers work and the wide range of models that are available, including pendent, sidewall, recessed, upright, and concealed sprinklers. The orifice design of the Victaulic Model V2502, with a nominal K-factor of 4. Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-SA/IC Specific Application, Interstitial Combustible Concealed Space, Quick Response, Upright, K5. For system design purposes, no equivalent length calculations are required. 0 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Style • Pendent, Concealed Pendent, Horizontal Sidewall K Factor • 5. The upright sprinklers are designed for specific light-hazard combustible and FireLock™ Series FL-QR Sprinklers: Upright: V2815, V4215, V2704, V3402 | Pendent and Recessed Pendent: V2801, V4201, V2708, V3406 NFPA 13 REQUIREMENTS Sprinklers shall be Listed for use in combustible concealed spaces (with a slope not exceeding 2 in 12) with combus-tible wood truss, wood joist construction, or bar joist con-struction having a combustible upper surface and where the depth of the space is less than 36” (914. In addition to standard offset open end wrenches, there are sock Victaulic offers mechanical pipe joining systems (grooved couplings & fittings) & fire protection piping solutions for commercial industries & applications FireLock™ Series FL-SA/IC Interstitial Sprinklers V5608, K5. Find quick, standard & fast response storage sprinkler systems in various styles. These upright sprinklers are designed for use in specific light-hazard combustible and non-combustible concealed spaces that require sprinkler protection. FireLock™ Series FL-SR/C Sprinklers V5653, K5. 2, allows efficient use of available water supplies for hydraulically designed fire protection systems. GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Globe Series GL-QR/INCH/ELOC sprinkler is a Listed Quick Response Extended Coverage Light Hazard sprin-kler which utilizes a 3mm frangible glass bulb as the ther-mosensitive operating element. 8. For More Information - https://www. 1 S. Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-SR/ST/INT Storage, Standard Response Upright and Pendent Sprinklers Feb 22, 2024 · Gaskets are also added to flat-plate concealed sprinklers to help protect cleanrooms from contaminants above the ceiling. Series FL-SA/WS Concealed Window Sprinkler (V5648) sprinklers must not be installed in ceilings with positive pressure in the space above. These graphs illustrate approximate trajectories, floor-wetting, and wall-wetting patterns for these specific Victaulic FireLock automatic sprinklers. The separate 2 piece mounting cup/cover plate allows easy installation and testing prior to ceiling installation. Find quick response sprinkler heads for your home in various styles. Victaulic VicFlexTM Braided Hoses may be painted/coated or caulked around, including fire barrier sealant, provided that the substance is compatible with stainless steel and zinc-plated carbon steel or ductile iron. 1 SI V3801, K5. The plate is soldered to the sprinkler upper support assembly. 1 SI V3428, K8. Improve safety and reduce headaches by eliminating frozen and burst pipes. , between floors, as well as low pitch attics that meet the criteria shown in the figures in this data page). Use our Sprinkler Selector (opens in a new window) to quickly identify the right products for your project. 9 (7. 6 (8. Use filters to sort product listings Browse Victaulic standard coverage fire sprinklers. 1 SI, V5610, K5. com/vtc_product_categories/fire-spr The Short 90° Elbow Reducer is typically used with concealed sprinklers while the Long 90° Elbow Reducer is typically used in the installation of recessed pendent sprinklers. Protection of concealed spaces with trusses up to 60 inches in height. 01 May 14, 2019 · For example, the Tyco RFII specifically states on the data sheet that FM does not approve concealed sprinklers for quick response, you could not use that sprinkler in a space where quick response sprinklers are required by NFPA and still comply with FM. The VK462 and VK464 Mirage® Quick Response Concealed MRI Sprinklers are just two of thousands of industry-leading sprinklers available to customers! Jul 19, 2016 · Victaulic’s VicFlex VS1 flexible dry sprinkler combines flexible fittings technology with traditional dry sprinkler technology that provides freeze protection. 6 | 8. FireLock™ Series FL-QR/DRY/SW Sprinklers V3610, K5. 4 (6. This concealed, designer style sprinkler allows up to 5/8 in. Learn about the various types of special sprinklers. ROOM SIZE Victaulic V2734, 4. This blog reviews some of the additional spaces where NFPA 13 Viking is a proud world leader in the design and manufacturing of life-saving fire sprinklers. 1 SI Interstitial Combustible Concealed Space Victaulic® Model V2502 Specific Application Sprinklers are quick-response, specific appli-cation sprinklers for horizontal, combustible interstitial (concealed) spaces. The V33 provides an aesthetic sprinkler drop from an FireLock™ Series FL-QR/DRY/C. Most Victaulic sprinklers have a unique hex-head design to allow wrench engagement from a greater variety of angles and positions than conventional sprinklers. Browse manuals and submittal forms. The Model “IC” GL5608 can be used in concealed spaces having roof pitch of 2 in 12 or less constructed of wood truss, non-combustible bar joist, solid wood joists, or composite wood joists. Browse Victaulic fire sprinklers product catalog. Find quick response & standard response sprinkler heads in various styles. 03 Victaulic® FireLockTM Series FL-RES/DC Residential Domed Concealed Pendent Sprinkler, K4. yrxybz dsbawk vrj chvj hdh yrbf trppft zkte lvs nbtbfan